Montana Small Stream Fishing Guide

Montana possesses thousands of small streams that offer uncrowded and productive fishing. Most don’t hold large trout, but some do. These creeks, whether they’re the rare public meadow streams or the abundant fast-flowing mountain streams, receive little attention from out-of-state anglers and very little pressure from guides, which makes them attractive destinations for those who don’t want to deal with the crowds now common on famous rivers.

Because they’re uncrowded and productive, Yellowstone Country Fly Fishing actually loves guiding on Montana small streams, even though accessing them commercially can be tough.

Yellowstone Park also offers a wealth of small streams. These are discussed on their own page.

Types of Montana Small Streams

Tactics for fishing Montana small streams depends on their character. They can be broadly divided into two categories: mountain creeks and meadow streams. These fish somewhat differently, though meadow streams can be grouped together except in regards to when they typically fish well and the trout species they’re likely to hold.

Mountain Creeks

For classification purposes, mountain streams are those that flow down quickly from the high country over beds of large cobble and boulders, with many small rapids and plunges. Since they descend out of the mountains quickly and run cold, the elevation of these streams seldom factors into how they fish. All are best in mid-late summer and taper off quickly in early fall.

Most mountain creeks hold smaller trout that aren’t very spooky, though some receive runs of fish from the larger rivers into which they feed. These runs might be spawners that mostly aren’t present during the peak fishing season, but sometimes big fish will move into small water or stay in small water after the spawn simply to beat the summer heat, since most mountain creeks run colder than the larger rivers they feed.

Mountain creeks are by far the most common public small streams in Montana. Virtually every river from the mighty Yellowstone on down to the small Boulder has fishable mountain stream tributaries. These creeks often offer abundant public access, since most flow through National Forest lands rather than private lands. Most mountain creeks also offer some access outside National Forests, whether at county road bridges or on state lands. Because of their abundant access and good fishing, mountain streams receive probably 95% of all small stream fishing pressure in Montana.

They don’t receive much guiding pressure, though. National Forest commercial use permits are no longer issued to new operations (which is why we can’t get one), and even the few guide services who have them are often uninterested in using their limited number of service days fishing Montana small streams when these access days are usually burned to use FS  boat ramps on larger rivers.

While a couple of mountain streams are located below dams which prompt tailwater-style fishing (dense hatches, clear water, and spooky fish), this is very unusual. In most cases, the hard parts of fishing mountain creeks are fighting through the brush, climbing up and down steep banks, wading fast and turbulent water with sudden changes of depth, and making accurate casts with good line management. The fish have to work hard for a living in steep mountain streams and there’s seldom a lot of food, so they’ll usually eat the fly you show them provided it’s in the right ballpark.

Finding the fish in mountain creeks is easy. Find the slow water, preferably slow water that’s near fast water and is a little deeper than average for the stream. Good slow spots can be as large as a shoebox (one fish will live here) on up to a large dining room table (ten fish might live here). A little white foam on the surface, a log hanging overhead, shadows, and other structure just adds to the appeal. Make a few casts to every piece of good structure, breaking large ones into several chunks if need be. Cover water quick and don’t bother changing flies unless the fish just aren’t eating what you’re showing them.

Meadow Streams

Public meadow streams are much less common in Montana. While most rivers do receive some input from streams with a meadow character, either streams that come together in meadow country or mountain streams that cease their rush when they come out of the high country, this usually occurs on private land.

The Montana Stream Access Law means that there’s no such thing as private water as long as it’s naturally-flowing, but you have to get on this water from a public access such as a county road bridge or fishing access site and then stay below the high water mark when you cross into a ranch or other private property. This is much easier said than done in low country where it might be several miles between public bridges and the high water line might be two feet up an undercut bank above a hole that’s eight feet deep around the first bend upstream of a bridge.

Meadow streams are just that: streams that flow relatively gently through grassy meadows, whether these meadows are at high elevation or low. Often meadow streams have deep undercut banks, deep pools separated by riffles, and abundant food supplies. Even tiny meadow streams may produce large fish. This is especially true of meadow streams that hold brown trout. Any brown that gets large enough to eat its smaller cousins (as well as mice, large grasshoppers, etc.) can get very large.

Meadow streams can be further divided by elevation. In Yellowstone Country Fly Fishing’s neck of the woods, 6000 feet is a good dividing line. Above this point, the trout are likely to be cutthroats and brook trout (though sometimes they’re browns or rainbows) and fishing will be best in July, August, and early September. Below 6000 feet, the trout are much more likely to be browns, the streams are more likely to get low and warm in late summer, and the best fishing is in late June, July, and perhaps in late September and October.

The trout in meadow streams are likely to be larger and spookier in most cases than those in mountain creeks. While hatches are seldom heavy on meadow creeks, you may need to plan to fish dedicated insect imitations (including nymphs) rather than just attractor dry-dropper combinations on meadow streams. In general, small meadow streams will share the hatches that the streams into which they feed enjoy. So it makes sense to look at hatch charts for a meadow creek’s parent river when planning which flies to bring. That said, the fish in most meadow streams are not as spooky as those in larger rivers, so the myriad technical patterns required on some heavily-fished rivers and spring creeks are seldom required. If pale morning duns are hatching, just fish a pale morning dun. No cripple/emerger/stillborn/half-drowned monstrosities required. At least not usually.

Fish meadow streams much more slowly than mountain creeks. Several fly changes per pool are not unreasonable if the fish aren’t eating what you’re showing them. You should also wade softly. Don’t think like a fish. Think like a heron.

Example Small Streams

I’m not going to give away any secrets here, but it doesn’t hurt to note a few good small streams in the region that are already somewhat widely known. If you’re looking for streams to start with, these are good choices. They’re listed approximately in their distance from Livingston, Montana, Yellowstone Country Fly Fishing’s home base.

• Mill Creek: Mill Creek is a large and popular small stream with a Forest Service campground and two church camps along its course that enters the Yellowstone about 15 miles south of Livingston. Private and dewatered in its lower reaches, the water near and upstream of Snowbank Campground is where you want to concentrate. It is followed by gravel roads. It holds primarily rainbow and cutthroat trout, some of which can reach the mid to high teens for size. Since the fishable portions of this stream are in National Forest, it sees little guiding pressure, but plenty of fishing pressure.
• Big Creek: Big Creek is about 20 feet wide and joins the Yellowstone near a rest area at about 24-mile marker. While not entirely dewatered in its lower reaches, it’s best up in its own canyon. There’s a state Fishing Access on the creek, but the better water is further upstream, in the National Forest above Mountain Sky guest ranch. It holds mostly rainbows and cutthroats.
• East Gallatin River: The “river” part is a misnomer; this is a creek. This gentle stream that skirts Bozeman’s northern edge is a mix of surface runoff and spring water. It receives heavy pressure from Bozeman and is pretty challenging sometimes, but this is a rare low-elevation meadow stream that has decent access. There are several state and city accesses and many bridges by which to access this stream. Good caddis and Trico hatches are the stars here.
• Hyalite Creek: This creek south of Bozeman flows through a canyon popular for all sorts of recreation, from ice-climbing to fishing. In its middle reaches that get the most pressure this is a small tailwater downstream of Hyalite Reservoir that holds rainbows and cutthroats primarily. Upstream of the reservoir, it’s a small hike-in stream holding cutthroats and the occasional grayling. Check regs before fishing above the reservoir. The creek generally has a late opener to protect the trout and grayling spawns. All of the good water on Hyalite is in National Forest.
• West Fork Boulder River: This tributary of the Boulder is rough and tumble in its lower reaches where it’s paralleled but seldom crossed by roads. In its upper reaches it’s primarily accessed via National Forest trails. There are some pretty meadows if you hike in several miles. Home mostly to browns down lower and cutthroats up high, this creek can be more technical than most, especially in the high-elevation hike-in meadow sections.
• Big Timber Creek: The eastern flanks of the Crazy Mountains are mostly private. This creek is the only one that’s got good access in the forest. Mostly rainbows and browns, this creek is getting pretty far from Livingston and Bozeman, so it doesn’t get fished too hard. It does get kayaked during the heavy spring runoff.

Tackle for Fishing Montana Small Streams

Fly anglers tend to get overly complicated with our tackle. Sometimes we need to. Sometimes we do not. On high-elevation meadow streams and almost all mountain streams, there’s no need for complex tackle. A light rod rigged for dry fly and dry-dropper fishing, basic tools and accessories, and a single fly box are usually sufficient when fishing Montana small streams.

On most mountain streams, a 7’6″ to 8’6″ three-weight to five-weight rod with a floating line and a 7’6″ 3X or 4X leader will serve you well all season. On creeks you’re certain hold only small trout, an even lighter rod may be used. I use a two-weight on the stream where the rainbow trout pictured at the top of the page was caught, since I’m sure there’s nothing larger than ten inches in there.

On meadow streams regardless of elevation, opt for an 8′ to 9′ three to five. The extra reach helps line management on these streams, where casts are usually longer and currents trickier. They also make reaching over bushes or grass easier. I do not suggest rods lighter than three-weight on any meadow stream, because there’s always a chance for a large fish in such creeks. In fact, you might even make the jump to a six-weight rod in the fall, if there’s any chance you’ll be throwing streamers. 9′ 4X or 5X leaders are good places to start on meadow streams, though on the smallest mountain meadow creeks where the trout are small, the shorter and heavier leaders noted above are fine.

You should expect to do a lot of walking, climbing, and scrambling when fishing Montana small streams. Since these creeks almost always fish best in the summer, wearing wet-wading boots makes more sense than wearing full waders. Long pants are a must, though. They protect you from thorns, cactus, and sharp rocks.

Surprising a bear is unlikely on low-elevation streams of any kind, but any creek above about 5000 feet might shelter bears. Streams within 75 miles of Yellowstone Park are far more likely to hold grizzlies than elsewhere. For this reason I suggest carrying bear spray on all small streams, even those out in open country.

Flies and Hatches on Montana Small Streams

As noted above, on meadow streams it will be wise to check hatch charts for a given small stream’s parent river. The following chart is intended to provide rough guidelines for all streams. The worst thing you can do on most small streams is to make things too complicated. Except on meadow streams, the trout are not particular.

Reminder: except for the few low-elevation meadow streams, all small streams fish best during the summer months and may be completely unproductive prior to the spring melt.

Top Ten Flies

1. Bob Hopper, any color, #14
2. Gold Mini Chubby Chernobyl, #12-14.
3. Peacock Clacka Caddis, #14
4. Coachman Trude, #12
5. Yellow Stimulator, #14
6. Royal Wulff, #14
7. Purple Hazy Cripple, #16
8. Hi-Viz Parachute Ant, #16
9. BH Prince Nymph, #16
10. Lightning Bug OR Beadhead Pheasant Tail Nymph, #16